From
left to right, the inflorescences of Cardamine concatenata, C.
diphylla, and Alliaria petiolata. All species are members of the
family Brassicaceae and exhibit the same floral anatomy. Images were taken in
spring 2024 at the Holden Arboretum, Kirtland, OH, U.S.
by Wilhelm & Miller
The mustard family is agriculturally and economically important. However, knowledge gaps persist for wild species in terms of frequency of pollination and the identity of floral visitors even in parts of the world that have broadly well-studied flora, like eastern North America. Knowledge gaps for two eastern North American species, cutleaf and two-leaved toothworts, are concerning for two reasons. First, these species support rare, specialist insects. Second, invasive confamilial garlic mustard threatens native spring wildflowers, like the toothworts, through competitive exclusion and potentially pollinator sharing within their shared range. Because cutleaf toothwort and two-leaved toothwort have a short growing season, their ability to successfully produce seed is at an increased risk from threats such as these. We found that the flowering period of garlic mustard and two-leaved toothwort overlapped at our study sites. Fourteen identifiable pollinator groups were catalogued in our study, half of which were observed visiting both garlic mustard and two-leaved toothwort. We conclude that garlic mustard attracts the same pollinator groups in similar frequencies as two-leaved toothwort, potentially leading to reproductive consequences for two-leaved toothwort in our study sites.
