16 June, 2024

Pollinator effectiveness and pollination dependency of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in Swedish hemi-boreal forests

Left: Study site (© O. Bartholomée) Right: Bombus pascuorum on a bilberry twig (© L. Kendall)

by Bartholomée, Björnberg et al.

Bilberry – the wild blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) – is a culturally and economically important species for human societies. It is present in numerous ecosystems in the Northern hemisphere, from the understory of (hemi-)boreal forests to alpine ecosystems and tundra. However, the intensification of forest management – with the aim of increasing wood production – is both degrading bilberry habitats and has negative impacts on biodiversity, including beneficial insects such as pollinators. Bilberry fruits provide food for several animals, such as bears and capercaillies. This fruit production is, however, dependent on insect pollination and little is known about the identity of pollinators to bilberry, and which contribute the most to pollination. Thus, in hemi-boreal forests of Southern Sweden, we monitored the bilberry pollinator community and measured how effective different pollinator species were. We also assessed pollen limitation in fruit production, by comparing the number of fruits that developed from flowers with, or without pollination. The bilberry pollinator community was dominated by bumblebees, solitary bees, and hoverflies. Bumblebees were the most important pollinators due to their high abundance and effectiveness as pollinators. Andrena solitary bees and hoverflies, to a lesser extent, also contributed to bilberry pollination. In an experiment with netted flowers, we found that only 40% of flowers open to pollination produced fruits while none of the flowers closed to pollination set fruit, confirming that bilberry is strongly dependent on insect pollinators for fruit production Therefore, bilberry supports a diverse community of pollinators essential for berry production. Given the importance of bilberry for pollinators, frugivores, and human society, its protection within the forest understory should be considered in forest management decisions.

Read the schientific publication in JPE 

Swedish version

Det vilda blÃ¥bäret (Vaccinium myrtillus) är en kulturellt och ekonomiskt viktig art för mänskliga samhällen. Den finns i mÃ¥nga ekosystem pÃ¥ norra halvklotet, frÃ¥n undervegetationen i (hemi-)boreala skogar till alpina ekosystem och tundra. Intensifieringen av skogsskötseln – med syftet att öka virkesproduktionen – försämrar blÃ¥bärets livsmiljö men har ocksÃ¥ negativa effekter pÃ¥ den biologiska mÃ¥ngfalden, inklusive nytto-insekter som pollinatörer. BlÃ¥bärets frukter ger mat Ã¥t flera djur, som björn och tjäder. Denna fruktproduktion är dock beroende av insektspollinering och vi vet relativt lite om identiteten hos blÃ¥bärets pollinatörer, och vilka som bidrar mest till pollineringen. I (hemi-)boreala skogar i södra Sverige övervakade vi därför pollinatörsamhället hos blÃ¥bär och mätte hur effektiva olika arter var. Vi bedömde ocksÃ¥ pollenbegränsning för fruktproduktion genom att jämföra antalet frukter som utvecklades frÃ¥n blommor med eller utan pollinering. Pollinatorsamhället dominerades av humlor, solitära bin och blomflugor. Humlor var de viktigaste pollinatörerna pÃ¥ grund av deras stora antal och effektivitet som pollinatörer. Andrena solitära bin och blomflugor bidrog ocksÃ¥ till pollineringen av blÃ¥bär, men i mindre utsträckning. I ett experiment med blommor inneslutna i nät kunde vi visa att endast 40% av blommorna öppna för pollinering producerade frukt medan ingen av blommorna i nät satte frukt, vilket bekräftar att blÃ¥bär är starkt beroende av insektspollinatörer för fruktproduktion. Därför stöder blÃ¥bär en bred grupp av pollinatörer som är avgörande för bärproduktion. Med tanke pÃ¥ vikten av blÃ¥bär för pollinatörer, fruktätare och det mänskliga samhället, bör dess skydd i skogens undervegetation beaktas i skogsförvaltningsbeslut.

 

14 June, 2024

Fecal sampling protocol to assess bumble bee health in conservation research

By Tissier et al.

A bumblebee queen placed in a petri-dish to
collect faeces

The health of wild bees is declining worldwide, with an overall trend for community decline affecting many species of wild bees. These trends are associated with an increasing need to assess bee health, which can be characterized by a variety of traits, including nutritional and gut health, behavioral health, immunity or disease loads. Considering the widespread need to assess bee health, destructive sampling is not sustainable, especially for endangered populations or species. We thus developed a non-destructive protocol to collect bumble bee faeces, which can be used to assess parasite loads, microbiota or nutritional status of wild-caught individuals. In this study, we focused on parasite loads of Bombus spp., while presenting future avenues to assess bee health more broadly by adapting the protocol to solitary bees, and by using molecular techniques.

Wild-caught bumble bees were net-captured in the fields and placed in a 10cm diameter petri dish. To improve faeces collection success, we placed bumble bees in a previously refrigerated cooler, which allowed to successfully collect faeces for 86% individuals. We identified cells and spores of two common gut parasites Crithidia spp. and Vairimorpha spp. in faecal samples.

The faecal sampling presented in this paper opens future avenues to assess bee health in the field.

 

Read the scientific publication in JPE